Today’s guest blog is written by Yahaya Sumara Sulley, Snr. Research Assistant, Department of Forensic Sciences, University for Development Studies. Reposted from the ISHI Report with permission.
I wish to discuss the global importance and challenges of science communication in the context of forensic science. Despite facing challenges with funding and visa acquisition, I was undeterred in my commitment to contribute to the panel discussion on “Raising the Standards of Science Communication in Forensic Science” at the 17th International Public Communication of Science and Technology Conference (1). Participating through a prerecorded video as the sole Ghanaian and African representative on the panel, I wanted to addressed the topic within the Ghanaian context, believing that the challenges faced in Ghana resonate across several African countries, given Ghana’s acknowledged level of forensic science capability on the continent.
Forensic scientists, integral to the criminal justice system, employ scientific methods to investigate crimes and provide evidence in court (2). This role necessitates communication with diverse audiences, including the court, fellow experts, and the general public. Effective communication, grounded in the values of science and law, is crucial for both specialist and non-specialist audiences.
Two significant challenges in forensic science communication include the rapid advancement and complexity of technology (3). The public often struggles to comprehend the implications and applications of these advancements. New technology demands heightened technical expertise for explanation, posing a challenge for effective communication with non-experts. However, I view this as an opportunity to engage the public by demonstrating how forensic technology can address contemporary social and environmental challenges within forensic science.
I align with Vanessa Lynch’s assertion about disparities in opportunities, aiming to contribute to the conversation on a forensic science revolution in Africa (4). Despite limited funding, my focus revolves around engaging the public in this era of rapid technological advancement in forensic science. The primary question to address is: How can training in forensic science communication be integrated into the careers of forensic scientists, who provides the necessary support and who benefits from the impact?
Particular Challenges in Forensic Science Communication in Ghana
Ghana lacks specific training programs for forensic scientists in science communication within its universities and academic institutions. The scarcity of skilled experts and forensic science communicators, coupled with the technical nature of forensic science, hinders effective communication to non-experts. A 2019 study I conducted highlighted this gap, which appears linked to limited research funding, infrastructure, scholarship and graduate opportunities (5). Forensic science students, confined to labs like their counterparts in other sciences, lack exposure to communication opportunities, impacting their interest in engaging non-expert audiences.
In my interactions with Ghanaian forensic science experts, barriers such as public mistrust and misunderstanding of forensic science emerged. These issues are rooted in institutional mistrust, historical events, and perception bias, where the public often associate forensic scientists with police officers. This perception hampers the success of forensic science practice in Ghana.
Forensic science is an emerging field in Ghana, and research indicates a lack of basic understanding among the population (5). While the educated population relies on CSI shows for awareness, the uneducated, facing socio-economic disparities and language barriers, remain excluded. Communicating forensic technologies becomes challenging when conveying complex technical information in a culturally sensitive manner to diverse communities. A digital divide further exacerbates these challenges, with unequal access to technology and digital literacy. Also, while digital access can widen the audience reach, media sensationalism and inaccuracies distort public understanding of forensic science practices.
A World of Opportunities in Forensic Science Communication
My journey in forensic science communication began in 2019, where I initiated Forensic Science Outreach Ghana (FSOGH) as part of my undergraduate thesis recommendations. FSOGH aims to reach the next generation of forensic science professionals in Ghana and promote forensic science among the general public. Utilizing social media, symposiums (6), outreach and other science communication approaches, I have used FSOGH as a medium to engage with high schools and the public.
Noteworthy moments in my forensic science communication journey include a radio show appearance in collaboration with GhScientific and the Ghana Science Association during the COVID-19 period. I realized the power of social media which played a pivotal role during this time, highlighting its potential for communication when physical engagement was challenging. Again, my involvement in popular YouTube live forensic talks in 2021 on the topic “Forensic Science Ghana”, following an online presentation at the Canadian Society of Forensic Sciences Conference (7), underscored the impact of social media in disseminating forensic science information to a wider audience.
In 2022, I communicated my research work on the need for effective forensic DNA policies to manage the plight of nameless and unknown bodies in Ghana through a short three minutes video in the first ever ISHI Threesis competition. After placing second in the maiden competition (8) which was widely broadcasted through social media, it opened an opportunity to be part of the DNAforAfrica crusaders (9) which I never thought of being a part. I also had the opportunity to present on “Working towards a draft law and policy that can be implemented in West Africa” at the first ever DNAforAfrica workshop in West Africa (10), Ghana. From there I have built a wider network of forensic specialists and experts in the field including Professor Bruce Budowle. I also received a nomination for the MyVoice for Justice awards organized by DNAforAfrica in 2022 (11) which means a lot to me at my career stage and my contribution to forensic DNA through advocacy, education and science communication. The recognition received, affirmed the value of effective science communication.
In 2023, together with a team of STEM enthusiasts, I aimed to communicate the science of DNA and its role in sustainable development by moving beyond conventions through a DNA fair and conference (12). The combination of scholarly presentations and an art exhibition which displayed forensic relevance received positive feedback, emphasizing the effectiveness of artistic representations in conveying forensic DNA concepts. In April 2024, I worked with a team of undergraduate students carrying out their project work at our lab, Dr Quansah Lab (QLAB), to develop science communication stratergies to communicate the concept of microbiomes in forensic human identificiation. Some of the stratergies adopted included the use of an indigenous game in Ghana known as “Pilolo” to simulate the diversity, stability and variability of microbiomes within population groups and how they could be used to establish differences. This approach would enable non-scientific audiences to grasp the concept, minimize sensitive ethical and sociocultural issues and appreciate scientist interaction in future sample collection activities. In December 2023 as I was walking in the bustling city of Tamale, northern Ghana, a young female High School graduate approached and reminded me of a forensic science outreach our team embarked on in her school. She said was on her way to purchase forms to apply for BSc forensic science at my department. At this moment I felt I have made an impact with forensic science communication in Ghana at least.
Forensic science communication has not only been instrumental in my personal and professional growth, but also holds the potential to be a beacon of opportunity for a myriad of individuals and societal issues. This extends beyond the realm of academic and professional circles to touch the lives of those seeking closure, justice, and the truth. Forensic science communication should transcend academic dialogues and symposiums; it should be a lifeline for those who have longed to find missing relatives, for families grappling with unidentified deceased loved ones, and for survivors of sexual assault still yearning for justice. Moreover, it should extend its reach to the incarcerated innocent individuals wrongfully convicted, who, out of desperation, may have given up hope. In Ghana, where a lack of awareness among the uneducated contributes to a significant number of prisoners not pursuing their cases, effective communication becomes a tool for empowerment. Television programs and outreach initiatives to prisons could prove transformative, providing an avenue to showcase the potential of forensic science in proving innocence even after years of incarceration. The world of opportunity presented by forensic science communication should be accessible to everyone, making a tangible impact on lives and bringing justice to those who need it most.
Potential Interventions
Recently, I read a paper that incorporated cartoons to aid in understanding DNA analysis (13), and it left a lasting impression on me. This practical approach emphasizes the need for content that aligns with the public’s learning style, transcending scholarly publications and conference presentations.
Achieving successful forensic science communication in Ghana involves increasing public understanding and trust, fostering engagement in the scientific process. Advocating for international collaborations to share resources, knowledge, and expertise is essential. Establishing these partnerships can facilitate an exchange of ideas and best practices, contributing to a more global perspective on the forensic science communication. Incorporating science communication training into forensic science programs, along with media training for forensic experts, can bridge the communication gap with diverse audiences. Public engagement through forensic science fairs, exhibitions, and collaboration with artists provides a practical and relatable avenue for communication. If applicable, we can consider translating key materials in forensic sciences into culturally sensitive and widely spoken languages so that it can reach a broader local and international audience. More opportunities should be offered to share Ghana’s experiences and learn from global practices at international conferences related to forensic science and science communication.
Forensic science communities in Ghana must embrace diversity, developing multilingual and culturally sensitive strategies. While doing this, citizen science approaches can be used to educate the public and demonstrate forensic science’s real-world impact. Collaboration between forensic science bodies can address socio-economic challenges and enhance inclusivity. These could come in the form of open forums and conferences, as they can turn skepticism into an opportunity to showcase the commitment to reliable forensic science through transparency and accountability.
Leveraging media, including TV, radio, and social media, is crucial for increasing public awareness. Forensic science communities and university forensic associations should lead by example in popularizing forensic science discourse. This could include the provision of expert analysis on forensic cases to help the public understand the science behind forensic investigations. Just as there are TV and radio shows that focus on specific issues in health and agriculture, I have a strong conviction that forensic science discourse can be a great way to successfully communicate forensic science to the Ghanaian public. Also, leveraging social media platforms not only for local outreach but also to engage with the global community. We can use this to share success stories, insights and updates to create an international conversation on forensic science communication.
Concluding Remarks
This piece may have not been considered for publication in mainstream journals which is not a result of the reflection of the message but rather a commitment to our interest in terms of diversity, equity and sustainability. While the context may vary globally, the importance of forensic science communication cannot be overstated. For Ghana, the challenges appear to be numerous, but the potential benefits may be enormous. Establishing a global network for science communication in forensic science can promote collaboration and knowledge sharing worldwide. Effective communication can increase public understanding and trust in forensic science, ensuring a successful global forensic science discourse. It is worth recognizing the importance of effective forensic science communication in a country where there is lack of specific training programs for forensic scientists within its universities and academic institutions. It therefore becomes imperative to address the question: How can training in forensic science communication be seamlessly integrated into the careers of forensic scientists, and who should be the primary providers of necessary support?
Answers to this question includes the need for a structured approach to training within academic and professional forensic science settings. Strategic collaboration is a necessity for forensic science institutions, educational bodies, and relevant stakeholders towards the implementation of these comprehensive training programs. When this framework is established to recognize effective communication skills as indispensable as technical expertise in the field of forensics, forensic scientists can be better equipped to engage diverse audiences, contributing to increased public understanding and trust in the field. To maximize the impact of this call on an international level, these potential interventions would contribute to global knowledge if published in an international journal.
References
- Public Communications of Science and Technology [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 3]. Available from: https://pcst2023.nl/
- Roux C, Crispino F, Ribaux O. From Forensics to Forensic Science. Current Issues in Criminal Justice. 2012;
- Howes LM. Trends and issues in the communication of forensic science. Forensic Sci Int. 2019 Nov 1;304:109967.
- Lynch V. Towards a more supportive and inclusive forensic science community. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2024 Mar 1;69:102997.
- Sulley YS, Quansah L. Assessing the state of forensic support to criminal investigations in Ghana: A case study in the Greater Accra Region. Ghana Journal of Science [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jan 2];62(2):44–57. Available from: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/gjs/article/view/222336
- FSOGH Launch Maiden Forensic Science Symposium – Scientect [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 3]. Available from: https://scientect.org/2021/07/06/fsogh-launch-maiden-forensic-science-symposium/
- ABSTRACTS FROM THE 2021 CSFS VIRTUAL CONFERENCE “Forensic Science: A World of Opportunities” (June 21 to 24, 2021). Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal [Internet]. 2022 Jan 2 [cited 2024 Jan 3];55(1):1–45. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00085030.2022.2033939
- Threesis Competition Results – The ISHI Report August 2022 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 3]. Available from: https://promega.foleon.com/theishireport/the-ishi-report-august-2022/threesis-competition-results
- DNA CRUSADERS | DNAforAFRICA [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 3]. Available from: https://www.dnaforafrica.com/dnacrusaders
- West Africa: DNAforAfrica Crusader Advocates for Implementation of DNA Laws and Policies in the Region – Scientect [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 3]. Available from: https://scientect.org/2022/12/27/west-africa-dnaforafrica-crusader-advocates-for-implementation-of-dna-laws-and-policies-in-the-region/
- MVFJ AWARDS 2022 | DNAforAFRICA [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 3]. Available from: https://www.dnaforafrica.com/mvfj-awards-2022
- Breaking Boundaries: First Ever DNA Fair and Conference in Ghana- Where Science and Art Converge [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 3]. Available from: https://ghscientific.com/breaking-boundaries-first-ever-dna-fair-and-conference-in-ghana-where-science-and-art-converge/
- Murray C, Vaughan P, Nabizadeh G, Findlay L, Daeid NN, Doran H, et al. Understanding Forensic DNA Analysis. Understanding Forensic DNA Analyis [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Jan 2]; Available from: https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/understanding-forensic-dna-analysis
- For an example, see: https://dnadoeproject.org/case/kern-co-jane-doe/
